-
Enamel, winged putto with a lamp
- Comments Off on Enamel, winged putto with a lamp
Lovely enamel with a riveted cut steel border, depicting a winged putto with lamp. Emaux Peints polychrome.
Button Specs
-
Materials
- 1-0 CELLULOID ASSORTED (51)
- 1-1 Body Types (40)
- 1-1.1 Hollow Body (0)
- 1-1.2 Sheet assorted (39)
- 1-1.2.1 Perforate (8)
- 1-1.2.2 Plain center (2)
- 1-1.2.3 Shield (4)
- 1-1.2.4 Tight top (3)
- 1-1.2.5 Tight-Top Border (0)
- 1-1.3 Solid Body (1)
- 1-1.4 Specific forms (0)
- 1-2 Decorative finishes (5)
- 1-2.1 Paint (0)
- 1-2.2 Transfer, etc. (0)
- 1-3 Imitation (1)
- 1-3.1 Ivory (1)
- 1-3.1.1 Ivorine (0)
- 1-3.1.2 Ivoroid (1)
- 1-3.1 Ivory (1)
- 1-4 Mounted in/on Metal (11)
- 1-4.1 Background (11)
- 1-5 OME (8)
- 1-6 Working Methods (0)
- 1-6.1 Cut (0)
- 1-6.2 Glows (0)
- 1-6.3 Incised (0)
- 1-6.4 Inlay/Inset (0)
- 1-6.5 Openwork (0)
- 1-6.6 Pressed Surface (0)
- 1-7 Unlisted (1)
- 1-1 Body Types (40)
- 2-0 CERAMICS (46)
- 2-1 Earthenware (3)
- 2-2 Porcelain (14)
- 2-2.1 Arita (5)
- 2-2.2 Kutani (0)
- 2-3 Satsuma (9)
- 2-4 Stoneware (10)
- 2-5 Back marks (3)
- 2-6 Decorative finishes (11)
- 2-7 Mounted in/on metal (6)
- 2-8 Other material embellishment (3)
- 2-9 Unlisted (0)
- 3-0 CHINA (16)
- 3-1 Back types (14)
- 3-1.3.1 Four-hole (5)
- 3-1.3 Sew-through (1)
- 3-1.3.2 Two-hole (6)
- 3-1.1 *Inserted self shank (1)
- 3-1.2 *Metal shank (1)
- 3-1.3.3 *Whistle (1)
- 3-2 Body styles (9)
- 3-2.2 Oval eye (5)
- 3-2.1 Hollow eye (4)
- 3-2.3 Smooth beveled rim (0)
- 3-3 Colors (1)
- 3-4 Decorative designs finishes (10)
- 3-5 Unlisted (0)
- 3-1 Back types (14)
- 4-0 ENAMELS (38)
- 4-1 Construction (30)
- 4-1.7 Plique-a-jour (1)
- 4-1.4 Émaux peints (9)
- 4-1.4.1 Monochrome (2)
- 4-1.4.2 Polychrome (7)
- 4-1.6 Gin-bari/gin-jippo (2)
- 4-1.2 Champlevé (5)
- 4-1.3 Cloisonné (2)
- 4-1.1 Basse-taille (7)
- 4-1.5 Foil techniques (3)
- 4-2 Decorative finishes (0)
- 4-3 Other material embellishment (3)
- 4-3.2 Rhinestones/pastes (0)
- Metal (3)
- 4-4 Openwork (3)
- 4-5 Unlisted (4)
- 4-1 Construction (30)
- 5-0 FABRICS (10)
- 5-1 Worked covers (including crochet) (2)
- 5-2 Wound covers (0)
- 5-3 Woven fabric covers (4)
- 5-4 Back types (0)
- 5-5 Mounted in/on metal (2)
- Background (2)
- 5-6 Other material embellishment (0)
- Black glass (0)
- 5-7 Specific types (0)
- 5-8 Unlisted (0)
- 6-0 GLASS, BLACK (221)
- 6-1 All black (55)
- 6-2 Back types (31)
- 6-2.4 Swirlback (3)
- 6-2.3 Sew-through (1)
- 6-2.2 Rosette shank (2)
- 6-2.1 Four-way metal shank (24)
- 6-3 Construction (18)
- 6-3.1 Blown (0)
- 6-3.2 Coronet (2)
- 6-3.3 Foil embedded (1)
- 6-3.4 Fused (0)
- 6-3.5 Impression inlay (2)
- 6-3.6 Intermixed (0)
- 6-3.7 Lampwork (0)
- 6-3.8 Moonglow (4)
- 6-3.9 Overlay (5)
- 6-3.10 Paperweight (3)
- 6-3.11 Tile type (1)
- 6-4 Decorative finishes (121)
- 6-4.1 Acid etched/frosted (12)
- 6-4.2 Lusters (62)
- 6-4.2.1 Gold (24)
- 6-4.2.2 iridescent/aurora (13)
- 6-4.2.3 Silver (20)
- 6-4.3 Paint enamel (51)
- 6-5 Mechanical make-up (17)
- 6-6 Molded/cut surface designs (179)
- 6-6.7 Lacy/lacy-like (4)
- 6-6.2 Faceted (7)
- 6-6.8 Openwork (1)
- 6-6.6 Intaglio (4)
- 6-6.1 Embossed/cameo (7)
- 6-6.3 Imitation fabric (144)
- 6-6.5 Incised/outline (10)
- 6-6.4 Impressed (4)
- 6-7 Other material embellishmen (14)
- 6-7.2 Rhinestones/pastes (2)
- 6-7.1 Metal (7)
- 7-0 GLASS, clear and colored (201)
- 7-1 Back types (33)
- 7-1.1 Four-way metal shank (12)
- 7-1.4 Swirlback (10)
- 7-1.2 Rosette shank (1)
- 7-1.3 Sew-through (2)
- 7-2 Clear colorless (29)
- 7-3 Colors (120)
- 7-3.2 Transparent (17)
- 7-3.1 Opaque translucent (54)
- 7-3.3 White (48)
- 7-4 Construction (34)
- 7-4.1 Blown (0)
- 7-4.2 Coronet (5)
- 7-4.3 Crackle (0)
- 7-4.4 Design in glass surface (0)
- 7-4.5 Flashed (0)
- 7-4.6 Foil embedded (3)
- 7-4.7 Fused (0)
- 7-4.9 Intermixed (3)
- 7-4.8 Impression inlay (0)
- 7-4.10 Lampwork (2)
- 7-4.11 Moonglow (5)
- 7-4.12 Overlay (9)
- 7-4.13 Paperweight (7)
- 7-4.14 Radiant (1)
- 7-4.15 Satin (5)
- 7-5 Decorative finishes (102)
- 7-5.6 Transfer/decal (1)
- 7-5.5 Pearlized (1)
- 7-5.4 Paint enamel (41)
- 7-5.3 Metallic back (3)
- 7-5.2 Lusters (61)
- 7-5.2.3 Silver (13)
- 7-5.2.1 Gold (26)
- 7-5.2.2 iridescent/aurora (18)
- 7-5.1 Acid etched/frosted (6)
- 7-6 Mechanical make-up (7)
- 7-7 Molded/cut surface designs (141)
- 7-7.9 Victorian (2)
- 7-7.8 Openwork (0)
- 7-7.5 Incised/outline (0)
- 7-7.7 Lacy/lacy-like (10)
- 7-7.6 Intaglio (0)
- 7-7.4 Impressed (1)
- 7-7.3 Imitation fabric (110)
- 7-7.1 Embossed/cameo (12)
- 7-7.2 Faceted (7)
- 7-8 Other material embellishment (4)
- 7-8.2 Rhinestones/pastes (1)
- 7-8.1 Metal (3)
- 7-1 Back types (33)
- 8-0 GLASS in/on METAL (84)
- 8-1 Black glass (7)
- 8-2 Clear and colored glass (34)
- 8-3 Drum with glass center (0)
- 8-4 In/under glass (45)
- One-piece mounting (30)
- 8-4.2 Shield (6)
- 8-5 Imitation gemstones (6)
- 8-6 Unlisted (2)
- 9-0 HORN (13)
- 10-0 METALS (229)
- 10-1 White metals (32)
- 10-2 Aluminum (12)
- 10-3 Pewter (8)
- 10-3.1 Bright cut (2)
- 10-3.2 Hard white (0)
- 10-3.3 Soft cast (2)
- 10-4 Silver (13)
- 10-5 Steel (22)
- 10-6 Tinned white metals (1)
- 10-7 Yellow metals (9)
- 10-8 Brass (104)
- 10-9 Copper (8)
- 10-10 Gilt/plated (5)
- 10-11 Backgrounds (0)
- 10-12 Decorative finishes (31)
- 10-13 Mechanical make-up (41)
- 10-13.1 One-piece (13)
- 10-13.2 Two-piece (1)
- 10-13.3 Three-piece (1)
- 10-13.4 Openwork design (27)
- 10-13.5 Twinkle (2)
- 10-14 Other material embellishment (32)
- 10-14.1 Glass rhinestones (10)
- 10-14.2 Metal (14)
- 10-14.3 Shell (5)
- 10-15 Specific types (4)
- 11-0 SHELL (99)
- 11-1 Iridescent shell (pearl) (87)
- 11-2 Non-iridescent shell (8)
- 11-3 Back types (0)
- 11-4 Decorative finishes (18)
- 11-4.3 Paint/paint encrusted (1)
- 11-4.4 Transfer/decal (2)
- 11-4.1 Dyed (6)
- 11-4.2 Gilded (9)
- 11-5 Mechanical make-up (14)
- 11-5.3 Laminate veneer (1)
- 11-5.4 Overlay (7)
- 11-5.2 Inlay inset (5)
- 11-5.1 Frame (3)
- 11-6 Mounted in/on metal (22)
- 11-6.1 Background (12)
- 11-7 Other material embellishment (51)
- 11-7.2 Metal (43)
- 11-7.2.1 Cut steel (23)
- 11-7.2.3 “Watch wheel" (1)
- 11-7.2.4 Yellow metal (17)
- 11-7.2.2 Escutcheon (7)
- 11-7.1 Glass rhinestones/pastes (9)
- 11-7.2 Metal (43)
- 11-8 Working methods (54)
- 11-8.3 Pierced (6)
- 11-8.01 Carved (47)
- 11-8.2 Engraved (11)
- 12-0 Synthetic Polymer (101)
- 12-1 Thermoset types (59)
- 12-1.1 Amino resin (4)
- 12-1.2 Casein (36)
- 12-1.3 Phenolic resin (9)
- 12-1.4 Polyester (10)
- 12-2 Thermoplastic types (37)
- 12-2.3 Cellulose acetate (9)
- 12-2.4 Nylon (18)
- 12-2.5 Polymer clay (1)
- 12-2.1 ABS (3)
- 12-2.6 Polystyrene (2)
- 12-2.2 Acrylic resin (3)
- 12-3 Back marks (2)
- 12-4 Back types (0)
- 12-5 Clear colorless (0)
- 12-6 Colors (8)
- 12-7 Decorative finishes (13)
- 12-8 Imitation of other materials (30)
- 12-9 Other material embellishment (14)
- 12-9.1 Glass (3)
- 12-9.2 Glitter (2)
- 12-9.3 Metal (5)
- 12-9.4 Other plastics (0)
- 12-9.5 Rhinestones/pastes (0)
- 12-10 Techniques assorted (23)
- 12-10.1 Canework/cookies (1)
- 12-10.2 Coated (1)
- 12-10.3 Cut on back (0)
- 12-10.4 Cut on face (2)
- 12-10.5 Design in/under plastic (0)
- 12-10.6 Double-cut (2)
- 12-10.7 Embedded (0)
- 12-10.8 Encrusted (0)
- 12-10.9 Hologram (0)
- 12-10.10 Incased (0)
- 12-10.11 Inlay (2)
- 12-10.12 Laminate (2)
- 12-10.13 Mechanical/movable (1)
- 12-10.14 Molded (3)
- 12-10.15 Mounted in metal (2)
- 12-10.16 Pierced/openwork (7)
- 12-10.17 Sculpted (0)
- 12-10.18 Snap-together construction (0)
- 12-12 Unlisted (0)
- 12-1 Thermoset types (59)
- 13-0 VEGE IVORY (14)
- 13-1 Back types (1)
- 13-2 Decorative finishes (10)
- 13-3 Mechanical make-up (0)
- 13-3.1 Frame (0)
- 13-3.3 VI with VI (0)
- 13-3.2 Inlay inset (0)
- 13-4 Other material embellishment (0)
- 13-5 Working methods (11)
- 13-6 Unlisted (0)
- 14-0 WOOD (29)
- 14-1 Processed wood (4)
- 14-1.1 ANN GAP (0)
- 14-1.2 Burwood Syroco (0)
- 14-2 Unprocessed wood (9)
- 14-3 Back types (0)
- 14-4 Decorative finishes (10)
- 14-4.1 Paint/lacquer (8)
- 14-4.2 Stain/dye (1)
- 14-5 Mechanical make-up (0)
- 14-6 Mounted in/on metal (6)
- 14-7 Other material embellishment (7)
- 14-7.2 Metal (1)
- 14-7.3 Paper (0)
- 14-7.1 Glass rhinestones/pastes (1)
- 14-7.4 Shell (1)
- 14-8 Working methods (10)
- 14-1 Processed wood (4)
- 15- Other Materials (139)
- 15-5 Unlisted (gemstone) (70)
- 15-1 BONE (5)
- 15-2 COMPOSITION (9)
- 16 Materials Summary (no buttons) (0)
- 15-3 IVORY (9)
- 15-4 RUBBER (8)
- Back marks (5)
- 15-5 Unlisted (40)
- 1-0 CELLULOID ASSORTED (51)
-
Designs
- PICTORIALS (17-21) (414)
- 17-0 ANIMALS (148)
- 17-1 Amphibians (1)
- 17-2 Birds (51)
- 17-2.4 Wading water birds (3)
- 17-2.3 Peacocks (21)
- 17-2.2 Owls (5)
- 17-2.1 Domestic fowl (4)
- 17-3 Fish (5)
- 17-4 Invertebrates (19)
- 17-4.1 Arachnids (1)
- 17-4.2 Crustaceans (0)
- 17-4.3 Insects (17)
- 17-4.4 Mollusks (0)
- 17-5 Mammals (69)
- 17-5.1 Cats (domestic) (3)
- 17-5.2 Cats (Wild) (6)
- 17-5.3 Deer family (3)
- 17-5.4 Dogs (5)
- 17-5.5 Elephants (2)
- 17-5.6 Horse family (26)
- 17-5.7 Rabbits (5)
- 17-5.8 Swine family (4)
- 17-6 Reptiles (7)
- 18-0 OBJECTS (53)
- 18-1 Anchors (3)
- 18-2 Arms armor (5)
- 18-3 Coins/coin type (1)
- 18-4 Containers (3)
- 18-4.1 Baskets (3)
- 18-5 Claws feet hands hoofs paws (1)
- 18-6 Fashion accessories (5)
- 18-6.5 Umbrellas (0)
- 18-6.4 Hats headdresses (3)
- 18-6.3 Footwear (1)
- 18-6.2 Fans (1)
- 18-6.1 Belts buckles (0)
- 18-7 Horseshoes (3)
- 18-8 Masks (1)
- 18-9 Musical instruments (1)
- 18-10 Shells (6)
- 18-11 Sports game equipment (1)
- 18-12 Unlisted (17)
- 19-0 PLANTS (109)
- 19-1 Cattails (1)
- 19-2 Flowers (51)
- 19-2.2 Iris (1)
- 19-2.6 Thistles (1)
- 19-2.3 Lilies of the Valley (0)
- 19-2.5 Roses (16)
- 19-2.1 Chrysanthemums (5)
- 19-2.4 Pansies (1)
- 19-3 Fruits (12)
- 19-3.1 Berries (3)
- 19-3.2 Cherries (0)
- 19-3.3 Grapes (4)
- 19-4 Fungi (1)
- 19-5 Grains grasses (10)
- 19-5.1 Corn (1)
- 19-6 Leaves (21)
- 19-7 Nuts (7)
- 19-7.1 Acorns (5)
- 19-8 Trees (2)
- 19-9 Vegetables (1)
- 19-10 Unlisted (cones cactus etc.) (2)
- 20-0 OTHER PICTORIALS (253)
- 20-1 Architectural structures and/or scenes (12)
- 20-3 Astronomical (5)
- 20-4 Cartoon commercial characters (5)
- 20-5 Children (3)
- 20-6 Cupid cherubs (24)
- 21 Pictorials Summary (No Buttons) (0)
- 20-7 Egyptian subjects (1)
- 20-8 Fabulous creatures (35)
- 20-9 Fops (3)
- 20-10 Gnomes fairies sprites (1)
- 20-11 Heads (32)
- 20-12 Lovers/couples (7)
- 20-13 Marine scenes (5)
- 20-14 Men (42)
- 20-15 Musicians (1)
- 20-16 Mythological (110)
- 20-16.1 Minerva (3)
- 20-2 Asian/Oriental (2)
- 20-17 Pastimes/games/sports (2)
- 20-18 People (16)
- 20-19 Religious (20)
- 20-20 Stories (9)
- 20-20.1 Fables (3)
- 20-21 Theater opera circus (4)
- 20-22 Transportation (33)
- 20-22.1 Human (21)
- 20-22.1.1 Ships/boats (4)
- 20-22.2 Non-human (5)
- 20-23 Women (38)
- 20-24 Unlisted (1)
- 22-1 PATTERNS (76)
- 22-1.1 All-over designs (3)
- 22-1.1.1 Plaid (1)
- 22-1.2 Curvilinear designs (28)
- 22-1.3 Geometric designs (29)
- 22-1.3.1 Circle (20)
- 22-1.3.2 3-sided (0)
- 22-1.3.3 4-sided (2)
- 22-1.3.4 5-or more sided (0)
- 22-1.3.5 Quilt-like designs (0)
- 22-1.4 Interlaced designs (1)
- 22-1.5 Linear designs (5)
- 22-1.5.1 Cross (1)
- 22-1.5.2 Greek key (0)
- 22-1.6 Radial designs (28)
- 22-1.6.1 Multi-armed (2)
- 22-1.6.2 Multi-lobed (5)
- 22-1.6.3 Star (3)
- 22-1.6.4 Tetrad (1)
- 22-1.6.5 Triad (2)
- 22-1.7 Turned designs (1)
- 22-1.1 All-over designs (3)
- 22-2 SYMBOLS (15)
- 22-2.1 Letter/word (10)
- 22-2.2 Numerical (0)
- 22-2.3 Pictorial (0)
- 22-2.4 Rebus (0)
- 22-2.5 Unlisted (0)
-
Types
- 23-0 Specific Types (278)
- 23-1 Backgrounds (14)
- 23-1.1 Celluloid (4)
- 23-1.2 Fabric (1)
- 23-1.3 Glass (1)
- 23-1.4 Metal (2)
- 23-1.4.1 Screen (0)
- 23-1.4.2 Twinkle (1)
- 23-1.5 Shell (1)
- 23-1.6 Wood (4)
- 23-1.7 Unlisted (1)
- 23-2 Back Marks (14)
- 23-2.1 British (1)
- 23-2.2 Golden Age (0)
- 23-2.3 Goodyear (1)
- 23-2.4 Paris/French (2)
- 23-3 BACK TYPES (15)
- 23-3-1 Cone shank (4)
- 23-3-2 Riveted shank (0)
- 23-3.3 Rosette shank (0)
- 23-3.4 Sew-through (7)
- 23-3.4.1 Whistle (1)
- 23-3.5 Threadback padback (3)
- 23-4 BORDERS (174)
- 23-5 Combined Materials (2)
- 23-6 Construction, Techniques (18)
- 23-7 INLAY (3)
- 23-7.1 Flecks (0)
- 23-7.2 Impression inlay (0)
- 23-7.3 Insertion inlay (1)
- 23-7.4 Laminate (0)
- 23-7.5 Mosaic (1)
- 23-7.6 Veneer/inlaid veneer (0)
- 23-8 Matching pairs (0)
- 23-9 IN/ON METAL (1)
- 23-10 SHAPES (70)
- 23-10.1 Contour (23)
- 23-10.1.1 Ball (4)
- 23-10.2 Linear (29)
- 23-10.2.1 Oval (2)
- 23-10.2.2 Square (1)
- 23-10.3 Realistic (23)
- 23-10.1 Contour (23)
- 23-11 STUDIO (8)
- 23-11.1 Ceramics (1)
- 23-11.2 Fabric (0)
- 23-11.3 Glass (2)
- 23-11.4 Metal (0)
- 23-11.5 Plaster (0)
- 23-11.6 Shell (0)
- 23-11.7 Synthetic polymers (0)
- 23-11.8 Wood (1)
- 23-11.9 Other materials (1)
- 23-12 Unlisted (0)
- 23-1 Backgrounds (14)
- 24-0 "EIGHTEENTH CENTURY" or earlier (29)
- 24.1 Ceramics (2)
- 24-2 Enamel (2)
- 24-3 Fabric (0)
- 24-4 in/on metal (3)
- 24-4.1 Ceramic (0)
- 24-4.2 Gemstone (2)
- 24-4.3 Glass (0)
- 24-4.4 Pearl/shell (1)
- 24-5 Metals (11)
- 24-5.1 Copper colored (2)
- 24-5.2 Silver (2)
- 24-5.3 Steel/iron (2)
- 24-5.4 White metals (4)
- 24-5.5 Yellow metals (1)
- 24-6 Other materials (1)
- 24-6.1 Bone (1)
- 24-6.2 Gemstone (0)
- 24-6.3 Glass (0)
- 24-6.4 Ivory (0)
- 24-6.5 Papier mâché (0)
- 24-6.6 Wood (0)
- 24-7 Pearl/shell (4)
- 24-8 Repoussé metal (0)
- 24-9 Under glass (5)
- 24-9.1 Fabric (1)
- 24-9.2 Habitat (0)
- 24-9.3 Ivory (2)
- 24-9.4 Paper (1)
- 24-9.5 Reverse painting (1)
- 23-0 Specific Types (278)
-
Usage
- 25-0 Usage (12)
- 25-1 Blazer (0)
- 25-2 Commemorative (0)
- 25-3 Designer (0)
- 25-4 Glove (1)
- 25-5 Livery (7)
- 25-6 Overall (4)
- 25-7 Shoe (0)
- 25-8 Societies (0)
- 25-9 Sporting (1)
- 25-10 Suspender (0)
- 25-11 Unlisted (0)
- 25-0 Usage (12)
-
Uniforms
- Div II Uniform (7)
- II-1 United States (4)
- II-1-2 Commercial (0)
- II-1-3 Federal (non-military) (0)
- II-1-4 State/City (0)
- II-1-4.1 Fire (0)
- II-1-4.2 Police (0)
- II-1-5 Hunt clubs (0)
- II-1-6 Military (0)
- II-1-7 Schools (0)
- II-1.8 Societies/clubs (1)
- II-1-9 State Seals (0)
- II-1-1 Back mark same pattern (0)
- II-1-10 Transportation (1)
- II-1-10.1 Air (0)
- II-1-10-2 Land (1)
- II-1-10-2.1 Rail (1)
- II-1-10.2.2 Services (0)
- II-1-10-2.3 Street (0)
- II-1-10-3 Water (0)
- II-1-11 Single State (0)
- II-2 Foreign (3)
- II-2-1 Commercial (0)
- II-2-2 Government (0)
- II-2-2-1 Fire (0)
- II-2-2-2 Police (0)
- II-2-3 Hunt clubs (0)
- II-2-4 Military (1)
- II-2-5 Schools (1)
- II-2-6 Societies/clubs (0)
- II-2-7 Transportation (0)
- II-2-7-1 Air (0)
- II-2-7-2 Land (0)
- II-2-7-3 Water (0)
- II-2-8 a country (0)
-
Related Specialties
- Div. IV Related Specialties (4)
- 3-1 Button covers (0)
- IV 6 LINKS STUDS (0)
- 6-1 Back types (0)
- 6-1.4 Spiral wire shank (0)
- 6-1.3 Separable (0)
- 6-1.1 Non-separable (0)
- 6-1.2 Rigid post (0)
- 6-1 Back types (0)
- IV 1 BRIDLE ROSETTES (0)
- 1-1 Face designs (0)
- 9-3 Unlisted (0)
- IV 2 BUCKLES/CLASPS (1)
- 2-1 Buckles/clasps type (0)
- x Unlisted (0)
- 2-2 Unlisted (0)
- IV 3 Button/Shoe Button Covers (0)
- IV 4 BUTTON HOOKS and Devices (1)
- IV 5 COSTUME TRIMMINGS (0)
- 5-1 Back types (0)
- IV 7 NETSUKE (0)
- IV 8 OBI DOME (2)
- IV 9 OTHER Related Specialties (0)
- 9-2 Snapettes (0)
- 9-1 Bachelor buttons (0)
- Uncategorized (2)
- Div. IV Related Specialties (4)